Results from a five-year longitudinal travel survey in Outer London

A strong and consistent dose-response relationship was found between infrastructure and uptake of walking and cycling, with some evidence of reduced car ownership and/or use in the areas with most interventions. Low Traffic Neighbourhoods have very high value for money (as much as 50:1 to 200:1). The health economic benefits are ten-fold higher than the infrastructure investment, with over ?1bn of health economic benefits for a programme cost of ?100 m.